// Does "int const *" refer to a constant pointer, or a constant integer?
// The following shows what gcc thinks.
// gcc 4 and clang 3 reject any of the lines below that are commented out.
typedef const int * cip;
typedef int const * icp;
typedef int * const ipc;

  int xx(const int x){return x+3;}
//int xy(const int x){return (++x)+3;}
//int xy(int const x){return (++x)+3;}

  int xcipa(cip x){return *x+3;}
  int xcipb(cip x){return *(++x)+3;}
//int xcipc(cip x){return ++(*x)+3;}

  int xicpa(icp x){return *x+3;}
  int xicpb(icp x){return *(++x)+3;}
//int xicpc(icp x){return ++(*x)+3;}

  int xipca(ipc x){return *x+3;}
//int xipcb(ipc x){return *(++x)+3;}
  int xipcc(ipc x){return ++(*x)+3;}

// Thus 'const' refers to the thing on its left, if any.
// Otherwise on its right.