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References

Papers referenced with roman numerals can be found in the present volume: Huberman, Bernardo (ed.), Ecology of Computation (Elsevier Science Publishers/North-Holland, 1988).

[I] Miller, Mark S., and Drexler, K. Eric, "Comparative Ecology: A Computational Perspective", this volume.

[II] Hewitt, Carl, "Offices are Open Systems", this volume.

[III] Drexler, K. Eric, and Miller, Mark S., "Incentive Engineering for Computational Resource Management", this volume.

[IV] Kahn, Kenneth, and Miller, Mark S., "Language Design and Open Systems", this volume.

[V] Liskov, Barbara, "Guardians and Actions: Linguistic Support for Robust, Distributed Programs", this volume.

[VI] Rashid, Richard, "From RIG to Accent to Mach: The Evolution of a Network Operating System", this volume.

[VII] Stefik, Mark, "The Next Knowledge Medium", this volume.

[VIII] Malone, Thomas W., Fikes, R. E., and Howard, M. T., "Enterprise: A Market-Like Task Scheduler for Distributed Computing Environments", this volume.

[IX] Lenat, Douglas B., and Brown, John Seely, "Why AM and EURISKO Appear to Work", this volume.

[1] Popper, Karl R., Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach (Oxford University Press, London, 1972).

[2] Hayek, Friedrich A., The Counter-Revolution of Science: Studies on the Abuse of Reason (Liberty Press, Indianapolis, 1979).

[3] Clinger, Will, Foundations of Actor Semantics (MIT, Cambridge, MA, May 1981) MIT AI-TR-633.

[4] Agha, Gul, Actors: A Model of Concurrent Computation in Distributed Systems (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986).

[5] Alchian, Armen A., and Allen, William R., University Economics (Wadsworth, Belmont, CA, 1968, Second Edition).

[6] Hayek, Friedrich A., The Constitution of Liberty (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1960) p.156.

[7] Smith, Adam, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of The Wealth of Nations (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1976) p.531.

[8] Hayek, Friedrich A., "Competition as a Discovery Procedure", in: New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978) p.179-190.

[9] Hayek, Friedrich A., "Economics and Knowledge", from: Economica, New Series (1937), Vol. IV, pp.33-54; reprinted in: Hayek, Friedrich A., (ed.), Individualism and Economic Order (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1948).

[10] Hayek, Friedrich A., New Studies in Philosophy, Politics, Economics and the History of Ideas (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1978) p.71.

[11] Drexler, K. Eric, "Molecular Engineering: An Approach to the Development of General Capabilities for Molecular Manipulation", in: Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA (Sept. 1981) Vol. 78, No.9, pp.5275-5278.

[12] Drexler, K. Eric, "Rod Logic and Thermal Noise in the Molecular Nanocomputer", in: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Molecular Electronic Devices (Elsevier Science Publishers / North Holland, 1987).

[13] Drexler, K. Eric, Engines of Creation (Anchor Press / Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 1986).

[14] Coase, R. H., "The Nature of the Firm", in: Economica, New Series (1937), Vol. IV, pp.386-405; reprinted in: Stigler, G. J., and Boulding, K. E., (eds.), Readings in Price Theory (Richard D. Irwin, Inc., Chicago, 1952).

[15] Williamson, Oliver, Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Anti-Trust Implications (Free Press, New York, 1975).

[16] Malone, Thomas W.; Yates, JoAnne; and Benjamin, Robert I., "Electronic Markets and Electronic Hierarchies", in: Communications of the ACM (June 1987) Vol.30, No. 6, pp.484-497.

[17] Smith, Vernon L., "Experimental Methods in the Political Economy of Exchange", in: Science (10 October 1986) Vol.234, pp.167-173.

[18] Star, Spencer, "TRADER: A Knowledge-Based System for Trading in Markets", in: Economics and Artificial Intelligence First International Conference (Aix-En-Provence, France, September 1986).

[19] Hoare, C.A.R., Communicating Sequential Processes (Prentice-Hall, New York, 1985).

[20] INMOS Limited, Occam Programming Manual (Prentice-Hall International, London, 1984).

[21] Shapiro, Ehud, (ed.), Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987) in press.

[22] Artsy, Yeshayahu, and Livny, Miron, An Approach to the Design of Fully Open Computing Systems (University of Wisconsin / Madison, March 1987) Computer Sciences Technical Report #689.

[23] Nelson, Theodor, Literary Machines (published by author, version 87.1, 1987, available from Project Xanadu, 8480 Fredricksburg #8, San Antonio, TX 78229. Available as hypertext on disk from Owl International, 14218 NE 21st St., Bellevue, WA 98007. 1981).

[24] Granovetter, Mark, "The Strength of Weak Ties", in: American Journal of Sociology (1977) Vol. 78, pp.1360-1380.

[25] Miller, Mark S., Bobrow, Daniel G., Tribble, Eric Dean, and Levy, Jacob, "Logical Secrets", in: Shapiro, Ehud, (ed.), Concurrent Prolog: Collected Papers (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1987) in press.

[26] Hardin, Garrett, "The Tragedy of the Commons", in: Science (13 December 1968) Vol. 162, pp.1243-1248.

[27] Kurose, James F., Schwartz, Mischa, and Yemini, Yechiam, "A Microeconomic Approach to Decentralized Optimization of Channel Access Policies in Multiaccess Networks", in: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (IEEE, Denver CO, May 1985) pp.70-77.

[28] Goldberg, Adele, and Robson, Dave, Smalltalk-80: The Language and its Implementation (Addison-Wesley, Reading MA, 1983).

[29] Rivest, R., Shamir, A., and Adelman, L., "A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-Key Cryptosystems", in: Communications of the ACM (Feb. 1978) Vol. 21, No. 2, pp.120-126.

[30] Tanenbaum, Andrew S., and van Renesse, Robbert, "Distributed Operating Systems", in: ACM Computing Surveys (ACM, New York, December 1985) Vol. 17, No. 4, pp.419-470.

[31] Hayek, Friedrich A., Denationalisation of Money (The Institute of Economic Affairs, Westminster, London, 1978, Second Edition).

[32] Denning, Peter J., "The Working Set Model for Program Behavior", in: Communications of the ACM (May 1968) Vol 2, No. 5, pp.323-333.

[33] Artsy, Y., Chang, H-Y, and Finkel, R., Processes Migrate in Charlotte (University of Wisconsin / Madison, August 1986) Computer Sciences Technical Report #655.

[34] Artsy, Y., and Finkel, R., "Simplicity, Efficiency, and Functionality in Designing a Process Migration Facility", in: Proceedings of the Second Israel Conference on Computer Systems and Software Engineering (IEEE, Tel-Aviv, Israel, May 1987) 3.1.2, pp.1-12.

[35] Cheriton, D.R., "The V Kernel: A Software Base for Distributed Systems", in: IEEE Software (April 1984) 1, 2, pp.19-42.

[36] Leach, P.J., Levine, P.H., Douros, B.P., Hamilton, J. A., Nelson, D.L., and Stumph, B.L., "The Architecture of an Integrated Local Network", in: IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communication (IEEE, November 1983) SAC-1, 5, 842-857.

[37] Bishop, Peter B., Computers with a Large Address Space and Garbage Collection (MIT, Cambridge, MA, May 1977) MIT/LCS/TR-178.

[38] Birrell, Andrew D.; Levin, Roy; Needham, Roger M.; and Schroeder, Michael D., "Grapevine: an Exercise in Distributed Computing", in: Communications of the ACM (April 1982) Vol. 25, No. 4.

[39] Terry, Douglas Brian, Distributed Name Servers: Naming and Caching in Large Distributed Environments (Xerox PARC, February 1985) CSL-85-1.

[40] Barak, A., and Shiloh, A., "A Distributed Load-Balancing Policy for a Multicomputer" in: Software Practice and Experience (September 1985) 15, pp.901-913.

[41] Shapiro, Ehud, "Systolic Programming: A Paradigm for Parallel Processing", in: Proceedings of the International Conference on Fifth Generation Computer Systems (1984) pp.458-471.

[42] Kahn, Kenneth, A Partial Evaluator of Lisp Written in a Prolog Written in Lisp Intended to be Applied to the Prolog and Itself which in turn is Intended to be Given to Itself Together with the Prolog to Produce a Prolog Compiler (University of Uppsala, Sweden, 1983) UPMAIL Tech. Report No. 17.

[43] Theriault, D., Issues in the Design and Implementation of Act 2 (MIT AI Lab, Cambridge, MA., 1983) AI-TR-728.

[44] Winograd, Terry, and Flores, Fernando, Understanding Computers and Cognition (Ablex, Norwood, NJ, 1986).

[45] Witham, Steve, personal communication (1987).

[46] Safra, S., and Shapiro, Ehud, "Meta-Interpreters For Real", in: Proceedings, IFIP-86 (1986) pp.271-278.

[47] Stamos, James W., A Large Object-Oriented Virtual Memory: Grouping Strategies, Measurements, and Performance (Xerox PARC, Palo Alto, CA, May 1982) SCG-82-2.

[48] Stanley, Terry, personal communication (1987).

[49] Hamming, R. W., "One Man's View of Computer Science", in: Ashenhurst, Robert L., and Graham, Susan, (eds.), ACM Turing Award Lectures: The First Twenty Years 1966-1985 (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1987) pp.216.

[50] Cox, Brad J., Object Oriented Programming: An Evolutionary Approach (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986) pp.26-28.

[51] Jacobson, Gary, and Hillkirk, John, Xerox: American Samurai (Macmillan, New York, 1986).

[52] Chaum, David, "Design Concepts for Tamper Responding Systems", in: Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Crypto '83 (Plenum Press, NY, 1984) pp.387-392.

[53] Levy, Henry M., Capability-Based Computer Systems (Digital Press, Bedford, MA, 1984).

[54] Gehringer, Edward F., Capability Architectures and Small Objects (UMI Research Press, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982).

[55] Organick, Elliott I., A Programmer's View of the Intel 432 System (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983).

[56] Rees, Jonathan A., and Adams, Norman I., IV, "T: a Dialect of Lisp or, Lambda: The Ultimate Software Tool", in: Proceedings of the 1982 ACM Symposium on Lisp and Functional Programming (August 1982).

[57] Conway, M.E., "How Do Committees Invent?", in: Datamation (April 1968) 14, 4, pp.28-31.

[58] Brooks, Frederick P., Jr., The Mythical Man Month (Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, MA, 1975) pp.111.

[59] Hayek, Friedrich A., "Cosmos and Taxis" in: Law, Legislation and Liberty, Vol. 1: Rules and Order, (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1973) pp.35-54.

[60] Minsky, Marvin, The Society of Mind (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1986).

[61] Kornfeld, William A., and Hewitt, Carl, "The Scientific Community Metaphor", in: IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (IEEE, 1981) SMC-11, pp.24-33.

[63] March, J. G., "Footnotes to Organizational Change", in: Administrative Science Quarterly (1981) 26, pp.563-577.

[64] Barstow, David R., Shrobe, Howard E., and Sandewall, Erik, (eds.), Interactive Programming Environments (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984).

[65] Xerox, Courier: The Remote Procedure Call Protocol (Xerox Corp, Stamford CT, 1982) p.5.

[66] Rao, Ramana Balusu, Toward Interoperability and Extensibility in Window Environments via Object-Oriented Programming (MIT Press, 1987) submitted as Masters Thesis.

[67] Shrager, Jeff, and Klahr, David, "Instructionless Learning about a Complex Device: The Paradigm and Observations", in: Int. J. Man-Machine Studies (1986) 25, pp.153-189.

[68] Dawkins, Richard, The Selfish Gene (Oxford University Press, New York, 1976).

[69] Axelrod, Robert, The Evolution of Cooperation (Basic Books, New York, 1984).

[70] McDermott, Drew, "A Critique of Pure Reason", to appear in: Levesque, Hector, (ed.), Computational Intelligence (National Research Council of Canada, August or September, 1987).

[71] Dijkstra, E. W., "Co-operating Sequential Processes", in: Genuys, F., (ed.), Programming Languages (Academic Press, New York, 1968) pp.43-112.

[72] Demers, Alan, Greene, Dan, Hauser, Carl, Irish, Wes, Larson, John, Shenker, Scott, Sturgis, Howard, Swinehart, Dan, and Terry, Doug, "Epidemic Algorithms for Replicated Database Maintenance", in: Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (ACM, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, August 10-12, 1987) pp.1-12.

[73] Hanson, Robin, Toward Hypertext Publishing: Issues and Choices in Database Design (draft available from Foresight Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 1987).

[74] Stefik, Mark, Foster, Gregg, Bobrow, Daniel G., Lahn, Kenneth, Lanning, Stan, and Suchman, Lucy, "Beyond the Chalkboard: Computer Support for Colaboration and Problem Solving in Meetings", in: Communications of the ACM (January 1987) Vol. 30, No. 1, pp.32-47.

[75] Hewitt, Carl, "Robert's Rules of Order" (in press).

[76] Malone, Thomas W., "Organizing Information Processing Systems: Parallels Between Human Organizations and Computer Systems", in: Zacharay, W., Robertson, S., and Black, J., (eds.), Cognition, Computation, and Cooperation (Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, 1986).

[77] Lenat, Douglas B., "The Role of Heuristics in Learning by Discovery: Three Case Studies", in: Michalski, Ryszard S., Carbonell, Jaime G., and Mitchell, Tom M. (eds.), Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach (Tioga Publishing Company, Palo Alto, CA, 1983) pp.243-306.

[78] Harris, Jed, Yu, Chee, Harris, Britton, Market Based Scheduling (1987) in preparation.

[79] Sutherland, I.E., "A Futures Market in Computer Time", in: Communications of the ACM (June 1968) Volume 11, Number 6.

[80] McClelland, James L., Rumelhart, David E., and PDP Research Group, Parallel Distributed Processing (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986) Volumes 1 and 2.

[81] Holland, John H., Holyoak, Keith J., Nisbett, Richard E., and Thagard, Paul R., Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986).

[82] Holland, John H., Holyoak, Keith J., Nisbett, Richard E., and Thagard, Paul R., Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986) pp.72-75, 79.

[83] Barto, Andrew G., "Game Theoretic Cooperativity in Networks of Self-Interested Units", in: Denker, John S. (ed.), Neural Networks for Computing (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1986) pp.41-46.

[84] Minsky, Marvin, "Steps Toward Artificial Intelligence", in: Feigenbaum, Edward A., and Feldman, Julian, (eds.), Computers and Thought (Robert E. Krieger, Malabar, FL, 1981) pp.406-450.

[85] Minsky, Marvin, personal communication (1987).

Last updated: 21 June 2001

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